Difference between revisions of "Triarchic Psychopathy Measure"

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== Preliminary Manual ==
 
== Preliminary Manual ==
[[Media:TriarchicPsychopathyMeasure_prelim_manual.pdf| Triarchic Psychopathy Measure prelim manual.PDF]]
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[[Media:TPMmanual.pdf| Triarchic Psychopathy Measure Manual]]
  
 
== SPSS Scoring Syntax ==
 
== SPSS Scoring Syntax ==
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[[Media:PatrickFowlesKrueger_D&P_2009.pdf|PatrickFowlesKrueger_D&P_2009.PDF]]
 
[[Media:PatrickFowlesKrueger_D&P_2009.pdf|PatrickFowlesKrueger_D&P_2009.PDF]]
  
== Empirical Articles Utilizing the TriPM ==  
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== TriPM Translated Versions==
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[[Translated versions of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure]]
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== Patrick Lab Publications  ==  
  
 
Blagov, P. S., Patrick, C. J., Oost, K. M., & Goodman, J. A. (2016). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Validity in relation to normal traits, personality pathology, psychological adjustment, and autobiographical recall. <u>Journal of Personality Disorders</u>, <u>30</u>, 71-81. [[Media:BlagovP_2016.pdf|PDF]]
 
Blagov, P. S., Patrick, C. J., Oost, K. M., & Goodman, J. A. (2016). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Validity in relation to normal traits, personality pathology, psychological adjustment, and autobiographical recall. <u>Journal of Personality Disorders</u>, <u>30</u>, 71-81. [[Media:BlagovP_2016.pdf|PDF]]
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Blonigen, D. M., Patrick, C. J., Douglas, K. S., Poythress, N. G., Skeem, J. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., . . . Krueger, R. F. (2010). Multimethod assessment of psychopathy in relation to factors of internalizing and externalizing from the Personality Assessment Inventory: The impact of method variance and suppressor effects. Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 96-107.                                                                       
  
  
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Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Smith, S. T., Edens, J. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Development and validation of triarchic psychopathy scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. <u>Psychological Assessment</u>, <u>27</u>, 838-851. [[Media:Brislin2015.pdf|PDF]]
 
Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Smith, S. T., Edens, J. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Development and validation of triarchic psychopathy scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. <u>Psychological Assessment</u>, <u>27</u>, 838-851. [[Media:Brislin2015.pdf|PDF]]
  
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Brislin, S.J., Patrick, C.J., Flor, H., Nees, F., Heinrich, A., Drislane, L.E.,…Foell, J. (2018). Extending the Construct Network of Trait Disinhibition to the Neuroimaging Domain: Validation of a Bridging Scale for Use in the European IMAGEN Project. Sage Journals 
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Brislin, S. J., Venables, N. C., Drislane, L. E., Blonigen, D. M., Ianoco, W. G., Tellegan, A., … Patrick, C. J. (2015). Further Validation of Triarchic Psychopathy Scales From the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire: Setting the Stage for Large-Sample Etiological Studies. Assessment, 24(5), 575-590. doi:10.1177/1073191115621790
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Brislin, S. J., Yancey, J. R., Perkins, E. R., Palumbo, I. M., Drislane, L. E., Salekin, R. T., ... & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Callousness and Affective Face Processing in Adults: Behavioral and Brain-Potential Indicators.
  
  
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Ellis, J. D., Schroder, H. S., Moser, J. S., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Emotional reactivity and regulation in individuals with psychopathic traits: Evidence for a disconnect between neurophysiology and self-report. <u>Psychophysiology</u>, 54, 1574-1585. [[Media:Ellis.pdf|PDF]]
 
Ellis, J. D., Schroder, H. S., Moser, J. S., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Emotional reactivity and regulation in individuals with psychopathic traits: Evidence for a disconnect between neurophysiology and self-report. <u>Psychophysiology</u>, 54, 1574-1585. [[Media:Ellis.pdf|PDF]]
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Foell, J., Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Dziobek, I., & Patrick, C. J. (2018). Creation and Validation of an English-Language Version of the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 1-9.
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Foell, J., & Patrick, C. J. (2018). The neurobiology of aggressive behavior. In A. R. Beech et al. (Eds). The wiley blackwell handbook of forensic neuroscience (pp. 61-83). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  
  
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Kyranides, M. N., Fanti, K. A., Sikki, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Triarchic dimensions of psychopathy in young adulthood: associations with clinical and physiological measures after accounting for adolescent psychopathic traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(2), 140-149.
 
Latzman, R. D., Palumbo, I. M., Sauvigné, K. C., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology: A triarchic model perspective. <u>Journal of Personality Disorders</u>.
 
Latzman, R. D., Palumbo, I. M., Sauvigné, K. C., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology: A triarchic model perspective. <u>Journal of Personality Disorders</u>.
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Latzman, R. D., Drislane, L. E., Hecht, L. K., Brislin, S. J., Patrick, C. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., ... & Hopkins, W. D. (2016). A chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) model of triarchic psychopathy constructs: development and initial validation. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(1), 50-66.
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Latzman, R. D., Palumbo, I. M., Sauvigné, K. C., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2018). Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology: A triarchic model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, , 1-26. 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_347
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Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., Berg, J., Sellbom, M., & Edens, J. F. (2012). The role of fearless dominance in psychopathy: confusions, controversies, and clarifications.
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Lilienfeld, S. O., Sauvigné, K. C., Reber, J., Watts, A. L., Hamann, S., Smith, S. F., ... & Tranel, D. (2018). Potential effects of severe bilateral amygdala damage on psychopathic personality features: A case report. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 112.
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Lilienfeld, S. O., Smith, S. F., Sauvigné, K. C., Patrick, C. J., Drislane, L. E., Latzman, R. D., & Krueger, R. F. (2016). Is boldness relevant to psychopathic personality? Meta-analytic relations with non-Psychopathy Checklist-based measures of psychopathy. Psychological Assessment, 28(10), 1172-1185.
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Monteiro, R. P., Gouveia, R. S. V., Patrick, C. J., Carvalho, H. D., Medeiros, E. D., Pimentel, C. E., & Gouveia, V. V. (2015). Adaptation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure and its associations with the Five Factor Model of Personality. <u>Revista Psico</u>, 37, 470-480. [[Media:Monteiro2015.pdf|PDF]]
 
Monteiro, R. P., Gouveia, R. S. V., Patrick, C. J., Carvalho, H. D., Medeiros, E. D., Pimentel, C. E., & Gouveia, V. V. (2015). Adaptation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure and its associations with the Five Factor Model of Personality. <u>Revista Psico</u>, 37, 470-480. [[Media:Monteiro2015.pdf|PDF]]
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Patrick, C. J., Venables, N. C., & Drislane, L. E. (2013). The role of fearless dominance in differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4, 80-82. [[Media:Patricketal_2013_PDTRT_commentary.pdf|PDF]]
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Patrick, C.J., Brislin, S.J. (2017). Physiological Measurement and Assessment. The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression
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Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 913-938. 10.1017/S0954579409000492
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Patrick, C. J. (2013). Conceptualizing psychopathy: Criminal and noncriminal variants. Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO, LLC.
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Patrick, C .J. (2014) Physiological correlates of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, habitual aggression, and violence. In: Kumari V., Bob P., Boutros N. (eds) Electrophysiology and Psychophysiology in Psychiatry and Psychopharmaccology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 21.
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Patrick, C. J., & Drislane, L. E. (2014). Triarchic model of psychopathy: origins, operationalizations, and observed linkages with personality and general psychopathology. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 627-643. doi:10.1111/jopy.12119
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Patrick, C., Drislane, L. E., & Strickland, C. (2012). Conceptualizing psychopathy in triarchic terms: Implications for treatment. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(4), 253-266.
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Patrick, C.J., Durbin, C.E., & Moser, J.S. (2012). Reconceptualizing antisocial deviance in neurobehavioral terms. Development and Psychopathy  24(3), 1047-1071
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Patrick, C.J. & Kramer, M.D. (2017). Multidimensional personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.                                                                                                            DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_48-1
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Patrick, C. J., Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2013). Optimizing efficiency of psychopathology assessment through quantitative modeling: Development of a brief form of the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1332-1348.
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Phillips, T. R., Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Patrick, C. J. (2014). Further development and construct validation of MMPI-2-RF indices of global psychopathy, fearless-dominance, and impulsive-antisociality in a sample of incarcerated women. Law and Human Behavior, 38(1), 34-46.
  
  
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Patrick, C. J., Venables, N. C., & Drislane, L. E. (2013). The role of fearless dominance in differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4, 80-82. [[Media:Patricketal_2013_PDTRT_commentary.pdf|PDF]]
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Strickland, C. M., Drislane, L. E., Lucy, M., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Characterizing psychopathy using DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment, 20(3), 327-338. doi:10.1177/1073191113486691
  
  
Venables, N. C., Sellbom, M., Sourander, A., Kendler, K. S., Joiner, T. E., Drislane, L. E., Sillanmäki , L., Elonhieimo, H., Parkkola, K., Multimäki, P., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Separate and interactive contributions of weak inhibitory control and threat sensitivity to prediction of suicide risk. <u>Psychiatry Research</u>, <u>226</u>, 461-466. [[Media:Venables2015.pdf|PDF]]
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Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C.J., & Bernat, E.M. (2008). Startle reflex potentiation during aversive picture viewing as an indicator of trait fear. Psychophysiology, Society for Psychophysiological Research 46(1) 
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Venables, N. C., Foell, J., Yancey, J. R., Kane, M. J., Engle, R. W., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Quantifying inhibitory control as externalizing proneness: A cross-domain model. Clinical Psychological Science.
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Venables, N. C., Hall, J. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2014). Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective. Psychological Medicine, 44(5), 1005-1013.
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Venables, N. C., Sellbom, M., Sourander, A., Kendler, K. S., Joiner, T. E., Drislane, L. E., Sillanmaki, L., Elonheimo, H., Parkkola, K., Multimaki, P., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Separate and interactive contributions of weak inhibitory control and threat sensitivity to prediction of suicide risk. Psychiatry Research, 226, 461-466. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.018
  
  
 
Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Sleep, C. E., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J., Gartland, D. M., & Stafford, K. P. (2016). Examining the DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample. <u>Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment</u>, <u>7</u>, 229-239.  [[Media:WygantETAL_PDTRT_2016.pdf|PDF]]
 
Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Sleep, C. E., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J., Gartland, D. M., & Stafford, K. P. (2016). Examining the DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample. <u>Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment</u>, <u>7</u>, 229-239.  [[Media:WygantETAL_PDTRT_2016.pdf|PDF]]
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Yancey, J.R., Venables, N.C., & Patrick, C.J. (2016). Psychoneurometric operationalization of threat sensitivity: Relations with clinical symptom and physiological response criteria. Wiley Online Library.
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== Other Publications ==
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Marcus, D. K., & Norris, A. L. (2014). A new measure of attitudes toward sexually predatory tactics and its relation to the triarchic model of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(2), 247-261.
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Almeida, P. R., Seixas, M. J., Ferreira-Santos, F., Vieira, J. B., Paiva, T. O., Moreira, P. S., & Costa, P.(2015). Empathetic, moral and antisocial outcomes associated with distinct components of psychopathy in healthy individuals: a Triarchic model approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 205-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.012
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Anderson, J., Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., Salekin, R. T., & Krueger, R. F. (2014). Examining the associations between DSM-5 Section III antisocial personality disorder traits and psychopathy in community and university samples. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 675-697.
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Burt, A. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). A Further Evaluation of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in College Students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 172-182.
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Burley DT, Gray NS, Snowden RJ (2017) As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLOS ONE 12(1): e0167436. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167436
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Christian, E., Sellbom, M., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2017). Clarifying the associations between individual differences in general attachment styles and psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(4), 329-339.
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Cornet, L. J., Laan, P. H., Nijman, H. L., Tollenaar, N., & Kogel, C. H. (2015). Neurobiological Factors as Predictors of Prisoners’ Response to a Cognitive Skills Training. Journal of Criminal Justice,43(2), 122-132. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.02.003
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Craig, R. L., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. S. (2013). Recalled parental bonding, current attachment, and the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 345-350. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.012
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Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2014). Psychopathy, DSM-5, and a Caution. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(4), 335-347.
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Crego, C. and Widiger, T. A. (2015), Psychopathy and the DSM. J Pers, 83: 665-677. doi:10.1111/jopy.12115
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Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2016). Cleckley’s psychopaths: Revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(1), 75-87. doi:10.1037/abn0000130
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Christian, E., & Sellbom, M. (2015). Development and Validation of an Expanded Version of the Three-Factor Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,98(2), 155-168. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1068176
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Dongen, J. D., Drislane, L. E., Nijman, H., Soe-Agnie, S. E., & Marle, H. J. (2016). Further Evidence for Reliability and Validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in a Forensic Sample and a Community Sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,39(1), 58-66. doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9567-5
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Donnellan, M. B., & Burt, S. A. (2015). A Further Evaluation of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in College Students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,38(2), 172-182. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9512-z
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Douglas, K. S., Gatner, D. T., & Hart, S. D. (2016). Examining the Incremental and Interactive Effects of Boldness with Meanness and Disinhibition within the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 259-268.
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Durand, G., Plata, E. M., & Arbone, I. (2017). Negative attitudes towards psychopaths: The role of one's own psychopathic traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 10972-76. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.047
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Eisenbarth, H., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Yarkoni, T. (2015). Using a genetic algorithm to abbreviate the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised (PPI-R). Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 194-202. doi:10.1037/pas0000032
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Esteller, À., Poy, R., & Moltó, J. (2016). Deficient aversive-potentiated startle and the triarchic model of psychopathy: The role of boldness. Biological Psychology, 117, 131-140. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.012
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Evans, L., & Tully, R. J. (2016). The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM): Alternative to the PCL-R? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27, 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.03.004
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Fanti, K. A., Kyranides, M. N., Drislane, L. E., Colins, O. F., & Andershed, H. (2015). Validation of the Greek Cypriot Translation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 146-154. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1077452
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Fowles, D. C., & Dindo, L. (2009). Temperament and psychopathy: A dual-pathway model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 179-183.
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Galang, A. J., Castelo, V. L., Santos, L. C., Perlas, C. M., & Angeles, M. A. (2016). Investigating the prosocial psychopath model of the creative personality: Evidence from traits and psychophysiology. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.081
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Gatner, D. T., Douglas, K. S., & Hart, S. D. (2016). Examining the incremental and interactive effects of boldness with meanness and disinhibition within the Triarchic model of psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 259-268.
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Gray, N. S., Johnston, S. J., O’Farrell, K. R., Snowden, R. J., & Weidacker, K. (2017). Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of the Triarchic model of psychopathy to different forms of impulsivity in offenders and community participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 134-139.
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Kelley, S. E., Edens, J. F., Donnellan, M. B., Mowle, E. N., & Sörman, K. (2017). Self- and informant perceptions of psychopathic traits in relation to the triarchic model. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/jopy.12354
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Kelley, S. E., van Dongen, J. D. M., Donnellan, M. B., Edens, J. F., Eisenbarth, H., Fossati, A., Howner, K., Somma, A., & Sörman, K. (2017, June 19). Examination of the Triarchic Assessment Procedure for Inconsistent Responding in Six Non-English Language Samples. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication.
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Kjærgaard, A., Leon, G. R., Venables, N. C., & Fink, B. A. (2013). Personality, personal values and growth in military special unit patrol teams operating in a polar environment. Military Psychology,25(1), 13-22. doi:10.1037/h0094753
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Kjærgaard, A., Leon, G.R., Venables, N.C. (2014, May 26) The “Right Stuff” for a Solo Sailboat Circumnavigation of the Globe. Sage Journals 47(10), 1147-1171.
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Lamkin, J., Lynam, D. R., Maples-Keller, J. L., & Miller, J. D. (2016). Viewing the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy through General Personality and Expert-Based Lenses. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 247-258.
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Maes, J. H., Woyke, I. C., & Brazil, I. A. (2018). Psychopathy-related traits and decision-making under risk and ambiguity: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 122190-194. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.017
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Marcus, D. K., Fulton, J. J., & Edens, J. F. (2012). The two-factor model of psychopathic personality: Evidence from the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 140 –154. doi:10.1037/a0025282
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Marcus, D. K., Church, A. S., O’Connell, D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2016). Identifying Careless Responding With the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised Validity Scales. Assessment,25(1), 31-39. doi:10.1177/1073191116641507
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Marion, B. E., Sellbom, M., Salekin, R. T., Toomey, J. A., Kucharski, L. T., & Duncan, S. (2013). An examination of the association between psychopathy and dissimulation using the MMPI-2-RF validity scales. Law and Human Behavior, 37(4), 219-230. doi:10.1037/lhb0000008
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Mowle, E. N., Kelley, S. E., Edens, J. F., Donnellan, M. B., Smith, S. T., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2017). Development of an Inconsistent Responding Scale for the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychological Assessment,29(8), 990-1000. doi:10.1037/pas0000395
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Niesten, I.J.M., Nentjes, L., Merckelbach, H., Bernstein, D.P. (2015) Antisocial features and “faking bad”: A critical note. International journal of Law and Psychiatry 41, 34-42
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Pasion, R., Cruz, A. R., & Barbosa, F. (2016). Dissociation of boldness and disinhibition psychopathic traits in ERN modulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 6-10. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.017
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Pilch, I., & Górnik-Durose, M. E. (2016). Do we need “dark” traits to explain materialism? The incremental validity of the Dark Triad over the HEXACO domains in predicting materialistic orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 102-106. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.047
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Poy, R., Segarra, P., Esteller, À., López, R., & Moltó, J. (2014). FFM description of the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in men and women. Psychological Assessment, 26, 69-76. doi:10.1037/a0034642
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Rogers, J., Viding, E., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013). Instrumental and disinhibited financial risk taking: Personality and behavioural correlates. Personality and Individual Differences,55(6), 645-649. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.011
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Salim, M. A., Veen, F. M., Dongen, J. D., & Franken, I. H. (2015). Brain activity elicited by reward and reward omission in individuals with psychopathic traits: An ERP study. Biological Psychology,110, 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.001
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Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., & Drislane, L. E. (2014). Elucidating the Construct Validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory Triarchic Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment,97(4), 374-381. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.962654
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Sellbom, M., & Phillips, T. R. (2013). An examination of the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 208–214.
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Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Han, J. (2016). Evaluating the Construct Validity of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in China. Assessment,24(8), 1008-1023. doi:10.1177/1073191116637421
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Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Han, J. (2016). Development and Validation of the Chinese Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Journal of Personality Disorders,30(4), 436-450. doi:10.1521/pedi.2016.30.4.436
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Sica, C., Drislane, L., Caudek, C., Angrilli, A., Bottesi, G., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2015). A test of the construct validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in an Italian community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 163-168. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.015
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Snowden, R.J., Smith, C., Gray, N.S.(2017) Risk taking and the triarchic model of psychopathy. Journal of Clinical and experimental Neuropsychology,39(10), 988-1001
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Somma, A., Borroni, S., Drislane, L. E., & Fossati, A. (2016). Assessing the Triarchic model of psychopathy in adolescence: Reliability and validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) in three samples of Italian community-dwelling adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), e36-e48.
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Weidacker, K., O'Farrell, K. R., Gray, N. S., Johnston, S. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2017). Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of the Triarchic model of psychopathy to different forms of impulsivity in offenders and community participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 134.
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Latest revision as of 19:02, 11 June 2018

The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) was developed to operationalize the three distinct constructs of the Triarchic model of psychopathy (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009) in terms of separate Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition scales.


The source of items for the brief (19-item) Boldness scale is an inventory (Patrick et al., in prep) developed to extend and refine measurement of the ‘fearless dominance’ construct indexed by scores on Factor 1 of the PPI. This component of psychopathy is important to assess because it: (1) captures the imperturbability and social efficacy features of psychopathy highlighted by Cleckley; (2) shows convergent validity in relation to measures of narcissism, thrill-seeking, and (lack of) empathy; and (3) captures unique variance in Factor 1 of the PCL-R--in particular, its Interpersonal facet. The Boldness Inventory contains 9 subscales consisting of items that index boldness in the realms of interpersonal behavior (Persuasiveness, Social Assurance, and Dominance subscales), emotional experience (Resiliency, Self-Assurance, and Optimism subscales), and venturesomeness (Courage, Intrepidness, and Tolerance for Uncertainty subscales). The brief Boldness scale includes representation of items from each of these 9 subscales.


The source of items for the brief (20-item) Disinhibition and brief (19-item) Meanness scales is the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory (ESI; Krueger et al., JAP, 2007; see Patrick et al., Psych Assess, 2013 for details of the development of the Disinhibition-20 and Meanness[/Callous-Aggression]-19 scales). The ESI was developed to comprehensively assess problem behaviors and traits within the domain of disinhibitory ('externalizing') psychopathology as represented in DSM-IV. It includes 415 items organized into 23 subscales that index constructs involving impulsivity and stimulation seeking, aggression of various types, alienation and externalization of blame, theft and dishonesty, and substance use and abuse. Confirmatory factor analyses of these 23 scales yielded evidence of an overarching 'externalizing' factor on which all subscales loaded substantially (.45 or higher), and subsidiary 'callous aggression' and 'addictions' subfactors that accounted for residual variance in some subscales. Scores on the overarching externalizing factor of the ESI reflect general proneness to disinhibition in varying forms. The brief Disinhibition scale consists of items from the following ESI subscales, which exhibit the highest and purest loadings on the broad ESI externalizing factor : Irresponsibility, Problematic Impulsivity, Theft, Alienation, Boredom Proneness, Impatient Urgency, Fraudulence, Dependability (-), and Planful Control (-). Scores on the brief Disinhibition scale correlate very highly (r = .91) with scores on the broad externalizing factor of the full 415-item ESI. Scores on the brief Disinhibition scale correlate minimally with scores on the brief Boldness scale.


The callous aggression subfactor of the ESI reflects tendencies toward proactive/predatory aggression, distinct from angry/reactive aggressive tendencies associated with general externalizing (disinhibition); ESI scales with appreciable loadings on the callous aggression subfactor include Relational Aggression, Empathy (-), Destructive Aggression, Physical Aggression, Excitement Seeking, and Honesty (-). The brief Meanness scale was formed by selecting items from these scales that operate primarily as indicators of the callous aggression subfactor, and only secondarily as indicators of the general externalizing (disinhibition) factor. In particular, Relational Aggression and Empathy subscales as a whole load more strongly on the callous aggression subfactor than on the general externalizing factor, and thus items from these two scales are represented most strongly in the brief Meanness scale. Scores on the brief Meanness scale correlate highly (r = .65) with scores on the callous aggression subfactor of the full 415-item ESI. Scores on the brief Meanness scale correlate moderately (r ~ .4) with scores on the brief Disinhibition scale and modestly (r~.2) with scores on the brief Boldness scale.

TriPM Questionnaire

TriPM.PDF

TriPM Scoring Key

Scoring Key

Preliminary Manual

Triarchic Psychopathy Measure Manual

SPSS Scoring Syntax

SPSS Scoring Syntax

Conceptual Article

PatrickFowlesKrueger_D&P_2009.PDF

TriPM Translated Versions

Translated versions of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure

Patrick Lab Publications

Blagov, P. S., Patrick, C. J., Oost, K. M., & Goodman, J. A. (2016). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Validity in relation to normal traits, personality pathology, psychological adjustment, and autobiographical recall. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30, 71-81. PDF


Blonigen, D. M., Patrick, C. J., Douglas, K. S., Poythress, N. G., Skeem, J. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., . . . Krueger, R. F. (2010). Multimethod assessment of psychopathy in relation to factors of internalizing and externalizing from the Personality Assessment Inventory: The impact of method variance and suppressor effects. Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 96-107.


Brislin, S. J., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Joiner, T. E., & Patrick, C. J. (2016). ‘Do unto others?”: Distinct psychopathy facets predict reduced perception and tolerance of pain. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 240-246. PDF


Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Smith, S. T., Edens, J. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Development and validation of triarchic psychopathy scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 27, 838-851. PDF


Brislin, S.J., Patrick, C.J., Flor, H., Nees, F., Heinrich, A., Drislane, L.E.,…Foell, J. (2018). Extending the Construct Network of Trait Disinhibition to the Neuroimaging Domain: Validation of a Bridging Scale for Use in the European IMAGEN Project. Sage Journals


Brislin, S. J., Venables, N. C., Drislane, L. E., Blonigen, D. M., Ianoco, W. G., Tellegan, A., … Patrick, C. J. (2015). Further Validation of Triarchic Psychopathy Scales From the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire: Setting the Stage for Large-Sample Etiological Studies. Assessment, 24(5), 575-590. doi:10.1177/1073191115621790


Brislin, S. J., Yancey, J. R., Perkins, E. R., Palumbo, I. M., Drislane, L. E., Salekin, R. T., ... & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Callousness and Affective Face Processing in Adults: Behavioral and Brain-Potential Indicators.


Buchman-Smith, J. M., Brislin, S. J., Venables, N. C., & Joiner, T. J., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Trait liabilities and specific promotive processes in psychopathology: The example of suicide. Journal of Affective Disorders.PDF


Drislane, L. E., Brislin, S. J., Kendler, K. S., Andershed, H., Larsson, H., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). A Triarchic model analysis of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29, 15-41. PDF


Drislane, L. E., Jones, S., Brislin, S. J., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Interfacing five-factor model and triarchic conceptualizations of psychopathy. Psychological Assessment. PDF


Drislane, L. E., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Integrating alternative conceptions of psychopathic personality: A latent variable model of triarchic psychopathy constructs. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31, 110-132. PDF


Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Arsal, G. (2014). Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychological Assessment, 26, 350-362. PDF


Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., Sourander, A., Sillanmäki, L., Aggen, S. H., Elonheimo, H., Parkkola, K., & Kendler, K. S. (2014). Distinct variants of extreme psychopathic individuals in society at large: Evidence from a population-based sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5, 154-163. PDF


Ellis, J. D., Schroder, H. S., Moser, J. S., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Emotional reactivity and regulation in individuals with psychopathic traits: Evidence for a disconnect between neurophysiology and self-report. Psychophysiology, 54, 1574-1585. PDF


Foell, J., Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Dziobek, I., & Patrick, C. J. (2018). Creation and Validation of an English-Language Version of the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 1-9.


Foell, J., & Patrick, C. J. (2018). The neurobiology of aggressive behavior. In A. R. Beech et al. (Eds). The wiley blackwell handbook of forensic neuroscience (pp. 61-83). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.


Kyranides, M. N., Fanti, K., Sikki, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Triarchic dimensions of psychopathy in young adulthood: Associations with clinical and physiological measures after accounting for adolescent psychopathic traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8, 140-149. PDF


Hall, J. R., Drislane, L. E., Murano, M., Patrick, C. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. (2014). Development and validation of Triarchic construct scales from the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment<u>, <u>26, 447-461. PDF


Kyranides, M. N., Fanti, K. A., Sikki, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Triarchic dimensions of psychopathy in young adulthood: associations with clinical and physiological measures after accounting for adolescent psychopathic traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(2), 140-149. Latzman, R. D., Palumbo, I. M., Sauvigné, K. C., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology: A triarchic model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders.


Latzman, R. D., Drislane, L. E., Hecht, L. K., Brislin, S. J., Patrick, C. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., ... & Hopkins, W. D. (2016). A chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) model of triarchic psychopathy constructs: development and initial validation. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(1), 50-66.


Latzman, R. D., Palumbo, I. M., Sauvigné, K. C., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2018). Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology: A triarchic model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, , 1-26. 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_347


Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., Berg, J., Sellbom, M., & Edens, J. F. (2012). The role of fearless dominance in psychopathy: confusions, controversies, and clarifications.


Lilienfeld, S. O., Sauvigné, K. C., Reber, J., Watts, A. L., Hamann, S., Smith, S. F., ... & Tranel, D. (2018). Potential effects of severe bilateral amygdala damage on psychopathic personality features: A case report. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 112.


Lilienfeld, S. O., Smith, S. F., Sauvigné, K. C., Patrick, C. J., Drislane, L. E., Latzman, R. D., & Krueger, R. F. (2016). Is boldness relevant to psychopathic personality? Meta-analytic relations with non-Psychopathy Checklist-based measures of psychopathy. Psychological Assessment, 28(10), 1172-1185.


Monteiro, R. P., Gouveia, R. S. V., Patrick, C. J., Carvalho, H. D., Medeiros, E. D., Pimentel, C. E., & Gouveia, V. V. (2015). Adaptation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure and its associations with the Five Factor Model of Personality. Revista Psico, 37, 470-480. PDF


Patrick, C. J., Venables, N. C., & Drislane, L. E. (2013). The role of fearless dominance in differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4, 80-82. PDF


Patrick, C.J., Brislin, S.J. (2017). Physiological Measurement and Assessment. The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression


Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 913-938. 10.1017/S0954579409000492


Patrick, C. J. (2013). Conceptualizing psychopathy: Criminal and noncriminal variants. Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO, LLC.


Patrick, C .J. (2014) Physiological correlates of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, habitual aggression, and violence. In: Kumari V., Bob P., Boutros N. (eds) Electrophysiology and Psychophysiology in Psychiatry and Psychopharmaccology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 21.


Patrick, C. J., & Drislane, L. E. (2014). Triarchic model of psychopathy: origins, operationalizations, and observed linkages with personality and general psychopathology. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 627-643. doi:10.1111/jopy.12119


Patrick, C., Drislane, L. E., & Strickland, C. (2012). Conceptualizing psychopathy in triarchic terms: Implications for treatment. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(4), 253-266.


Patrick, C.J., Durbin, C.E., & Moser, J.S. (2012). Reconceptualizing antisocial deviance in neurobehavioral terms. Development and Psychopathy 24(3), 1047-1071


Patrick, C.J. & Kramer, M.D. (2017). Multidimensional personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_48-1


Patrick, C. J., Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2013). Optimizing efficiency of psychopathology assessment through quantitative modeling: Development of a brief form of the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1332-1348.


Phillips, T. R., Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Patrick, C. J. (2014). Further development and construct validation of MMPI-2-RF indices of global psychopathy, fearless-dominance, and impulsive-antisociality in a sample of incarcerated women. Law and Human Behavior, 38(1), 34-46.


Sellbom, M., Drislane, L. E., Johnson, A. K., Goodwin, B. E., Philips, T. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2016). Development and validation of MMPI-2-RF scales for indexing triarchic psychopathy constructs. Assessment, 23, 527-543. PDF


Somma, A., Borroni, S., Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Fossati, A. (in press). Modeling the structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Conceptual, empirical, and analytic considerations. Journal of Personality Disorders.


Strickland, C. M., Drislane, L. E., Lucy, M., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Characterizing psychopathy using DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment, 20(3), 327-338. doi:10.1177/1073191113486691


Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C.J., & Bernat, E.M. (2008). Startle reflex potentiation during aversive picture viewing as an indicator of trait fear. Psychophysiology, Society for Psychophysiological Research 46(1)


Venables, N. C., Foell, J., Yancey, J. R., Kane, M. J., Engle, R. W., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Quantifying inhibitory control as externalizing proneness: A cross-domain model. Clinical Psychological Science.


Venables, N. C., Hall, J. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2014). Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective. Psychological Medicine, 44(5), 1005-1013.


Venables, N. C., Sellbom, M., Sourander, A., Kendler, K. S., Joiner, T. E., Drislane, L. E., Sillanmaki, L., Elonheimo, H., Parkkola, K., Multimaki, P., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Separate and interactive contributions of weak inhibitory control and threat sensitivity to prediction of suicide risk. Psychiatry Research, 226, 461-466. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.018


Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Sleep, C. E., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J., Gartland, D. M., & Stafford, K. P. (2016). Examining the DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 229-239. PDF


Yancey, J.R., Venables, N.C., & Patrick, C.J. (2016). Psychoneurometric operationalization of threat sensitivity: Relations with clinical symptom and physiological response criteria. Wiley Online Library.

Other Publications

Marcus, D. K., & Norris, A. L. (2014). A new measure of attitudes toward sexually predatory tactics and its relation to the triarchic model of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(2), 247-261.


Almeida, P. R., Seixas, M. J., Ferreira-Santos, F., Vieira, J. B., Paiva, T. O., Moreira, P. S., & Costa, P.(2015). Empathetic, moral and antisocial outcomes associated with distinct components of psychopathy in healthy individuals: a Triarchic model approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 205-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.012


Anderson, J., Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., Salekin, R. T., & Krueger, R. F. (2014). Examining the associations between DSM-5 Section III antisocial personality disorder traits and psychopathy in community and university samples. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 675-697.


Burt, A. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). A Further Evaluation of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in College Students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 172-182.


Burley DT, Gray NS, Snowden RJ (2017) As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLOS ONE 12(1): e0167436. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167436


Christian, E., Sellbom, M., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2017). Clarifying the associations between individual differences in general attachment styles and psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(4), 329-339.


Cornet, L. J., Laan, P. H., Nijman, H. L., Tollenaar, N., & Kogel, C. H. (2015). Neurobiological Factors as Predictors of Prisoners’ Response to a Cognitive Skills Training. Journal of Criminal Justice,43(2), 122-132. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.02.003


Craig, R. L., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. S. (2013). Recalled parental bonding, current attachment, and the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 345-350. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.012


Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2014). Psychopathy, DSM-5, and a Caution. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(4), 335-347.


Crego, C. and Widiger, T. A. (2015), Psychopathy and the DSM. J Pers, 83: 665-677. doi:10.1111/jopy.12115


Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2016). Cleckley’s psychopaths: Revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(1), 75-87. doi:10.1037/abn0000130


Christian, E., & Sellbom, M. (2015). Development and Validation of an Expanded Version of the Three-Factor Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,98(2), 155-168. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1068176


Dongen, J. D., Drislane, L. E., Nijman, H., Soe-Agnie, S. E., & Marle, H. J. (2016). Further Evidence for Reliability and Validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in a Forensic Sample and a Community Sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,39(1), 58-66. doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9567-5


Donnellan, M. B., & Burt, S. A. (2015). A Further Evaluation of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in College Students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,38(2), 172-182. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9512-z


Douglas, K. S., Gatner, D. T., & Hart, S. D. (2016). Examining the Incremental and Interactive Effects of Boldness with Meanness and Disinhibition within the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 259-268.


Durand, G., Plata, E. M., & Arbone, I. (2017). Negative attitudes towards psychopaths: The role of one's own psychopathic traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 10972-76. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.047


Eisenbarth, H., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Yarkoni, T. (2015). Using a genetic algorithm to abbreviate the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised (PPI-R). Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 194-202. doi:10.1037/pas0000032


Esteller, À., Poy, R., & Moltó, J. (2016). Deficient aversive-potentiated startle and the triarchic model of psychopathy: The role of boldness. Biological Psychology, 117, 131-140. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.012


Evans, L., & Tully, R. J. (2016). The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM): Alternative to the PCL-R? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27, 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.03.004


Fanti, K. A., Kyranides, M. N., Drislane, L. E., Colins, O. F., & Andershed, H. (2015). Validation of the Greek Cypriot Translation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 146-154. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1077452


Fowles, D. C., & Dindo, L. (2009). Temperament and psychopathy: A dual-pathway model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 179-183.


Galang, A. J., Castelo, V. L., Santos, L. C., Perlas, C. M., & Angeles, M. A. (2016). Investigating the prosocial psychopath model of the creative personality: Evidence from traits and psychophysiology. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.081


Gatner, D. T., Douglas, K. S., & Hart, S. D. (2016). Examining the incremental and interactive effects of boldness with meanness and disinhibition within the Triarchic model of psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 259-268.


Gray, N. S., Johnston, S. J., O’Farrell, K. R., Snowden, R. J., & Weidacker, K. (2017). Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of the Triarchic model of psychopathy to different forms of impulsivity in offenders and community participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 134-139.


Kelley, S. E., Edens, J. F., Donnellan, M. B., Mowle, E. N., & Sörman, K. (2017). Self- and informant perceptions of psychopathic traits in relation to the triarchic model. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/jopy.12354


Kelley, S. E., van Dongen, J. D. M., Donnellan, M. B., Edens, J. F., Eisenbarth, H., Fossati, A., Howner, K., Somma, A., & Sörman, K. (2017, June 19). Examination of the Triarchic Assessment Procedure for Inconsistent Responding in Six Non-English Language Samples. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication.


Kjærgaard, A., Leon, G. R., Venables, N. C., & Fink, B. A. (2013). Personality, personal values and growth in military special unit patrol teams operating in a polar environment. Military Psychology,25(1), 13-22. doi:10.1037/h0094753


Kjærgaard, A., Leon, G.R., Venables, N.C. (2014, May 26) The “Right Stuff” for a Solo Sailboat Circumnavigation of the Globe. Sage Journals 47(10), 1147-1171.


Lamkin, J., Lynam, D. R., Maples-Keller, J. L., & Miller, J. D. (2016). Viewing the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy through General Personality and Expert-Based Lenses. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 247-258.


Maes, J. H., Woyke, I. C., & Brazil, I. A. (2018). Psychopathy-related traits and decision-making under risk and ambiguity: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 122190-194. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.017


Marcus, D. K., Fulton, J. J., & Edens, J. F. (2012). The two-factor model of psychopathic personality: Evidence from the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 140 –154. doi:10.1037/a0025282


Marcus, D. K., Church, A. S., O’Connell, D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2016). Identifying Careless Responding With the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised Validity Scales. Assessment,25(1), 31-39. doi:10.1177/1073191116641507


Marion, B. E., Sellbom, M., Salekin, R. T., Toomey, J. A., Kucharski, L. T., & Duncan, S. (2013). An examination of the association between psychopathy and dissimulation using the MMPI-2-RF validity scales. Law and Human Behavior, 37(4), 219-230. doi:10.1037/lhb0000008


Mowle, E. N., Kelley, S. E., Edens, J. F., Donnellan, M. B., Smith, S. T., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2017). Development of an Inconsistent Responding Scale for the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychological Assessment,29(8), 990-1000. doi:10.1037/pas0000395


Niesten, I.J.M., Nentjes, L., Merckelbach, H., Bernstein, D.P. (2015) Antisocial features and “faking bad”: A critical note. International journal of Law and Psychiatry 41, 34-42


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