Difference between revisions of "Triarchic Psychopathy Measure"

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The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) was developed to operationalize the three distinct constructs of the Triarchic model of psychopathy (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009) in terms of separate Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition scales.

The source of items for the brief (19-item) Boldness scale is an inventory (Patrick et al., in prep) developed to extend and refine measurement of the ‘fearless dominance’ construct indexed by scores on Factor 1 of the PPI. This component of psychopathy is important to assess because it: (1) captures the imperturbability and social efficacy features of psychopathy highlighted by Cleckley; (2) shows convergent validity in relation to measures of narcissism, thrill-seeking, and (lack of) empathy; and (3) captures unique variance in Factor 1 of the PCL-R--in particular, its Interpersonal facet. The Boldness Inventory contains 9 subscales consisting of items that index boldness in the realms of interpersonal behavior (Persuasiveness, Social Assurance, and Dominance subscales), emotional experience (Resiliency, Self-Assurance, and Optimism subscales), and venturesomeness (Courage, Intrepidness, and Tolerance for Uncertainty subscales). The brief Boldness scale includes representation of items from each of these 9 subscales.

The source of items for the brief (20-item) Disinhibition and brief (19-item) Meanness scales is the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory (ESI; Krueger et al., JAP, 2007; see Patrick et al., Psych Assess, 2013 for details of the development of the Disinhibition-20 and Meanness[/Callous-Aggression]-19 scales). The ESI was developed to comprehensively assess problem behaviors and traits within the domain of disinhibitory ('externalizing') psychopathology as represented in DSM-IV. It includes 415 items organized into 23 subscales that index constructs involving impulsivity and stimulation seeking, aggression of various types, alienation and externalization of blame, theft and dishonesty, and substance use and abuse. Confirmatory factor analyses of these 23 scales yielded evidence of an overarching 'externalizing' factor on which all subscales loaded substantially (.45 or higher), and subsidiary 'callous aggression' and 'addictions' subfactors that accounted for residual variance in some subscales. Scores on the overarching externalizing factor of the ESI reflect general proneness to disinhibition in varying forms. The brief Disinhibition scale consists of items from the following ESI subscales, which exhibit the highest and purest loadings on the broad ESI externalizing factor : Irresponsibility, Problematic Impulsivity, Theft, Alienation, Boredom Proneness, Impatient Urgency, Fraudulence, Dependability (-), and Planful Control (-). Scores on the brief Disinhibition scale correlate very highly (r = .91) with scores on the broad externalizing factor of the full 415-item ESI. Scores on the brief Disinhibition scale correlate minimally with scores on the brief Boldness scale.

The callous aggression subfactor of the ESI reflects tendencies toward proactive/predatory aggression, distinct from angry/reactive aggressive tendencies associated with general externalizing (disinhibition); ESI scales with appreciable loadings on the callous aggression subfactor include Relational Aggression, Empathy (-), Destructive Aggression, Physical Aggression, Excitement Seeking, and Honesty (-). The brief Meanness scale was formed by selecting items from these scales that operate primarily as indicators of the callous aggression subfactor, and only secondarily as indicators of the general externalizing (disinhibition) factor. In particular, Relational Aggression and Empathy subscales as a whole load more strongly on the callous aggression subfactor than on the general externalizing factor, and thus items from these two scales are represented most strongly in the brief Meanness scale. Scores on the brief Meanness scale correlate highly (r = .65) with scores on the callous aggression subfactor of the full 415-item ESI. Scores on the brief Meanness scale correlate moderately (r ~ .4) with scores on the brief Disinhibition scale and modestly (r~.2) with scores on the brief Boldness scale.

TriPM Questionnaire

TriPM.PDF

TriPM Scoring Key

Scoring Key

Preliminary Manual

Triarchic Psychopathy Measure prelim manual.PDF

SPSS Scoring Syntax

SPSS Scoring Syntax

Conceptual Article

PatrickFowlesKrueger_D&P_2009.PDF

TriPM Translated Versions

Translated versions of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure

Patrick Lab Publications

Blagov, P. S., Patrick, C. J., Oost, K. M., & Goodman, J. A. (2016). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Validity in relation to normal traits, personality pathology, psychological adjustment, and autobiographical recall. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30, 71-81. PDF

Brislin, S. J., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Joiner, T. E., & Patrick, C. J. (2016). ‘Do unto others?”: Distinct psychopathy facets predict reduced perception and tolerance of pain. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 240-246. PDF

Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Smith, S. T., Edens, J. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Development and validation of triarchic psychopathy scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 27, 838-851. PDF

Buchman-Smith, J. M., Brislin, S. J., Venables, N. C., & Joiner, T. J., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Trait liabilities and specific promotive processes in psychopathology: The example of suicide. Journal of Affective Disorders.PDF

Drislane, L. E., Brislin, S. J., Kendler, K. S., Andershed, H., Larsson, H., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). A Triarchic model analysis of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29, 15-41. PDF

Drislane, L. E., Jones, S., Brislin, S. J., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Interfacing five-factor model and triarchic conceptualizations of psychopathy. Psychological Assessment. PDF

Drislane, L. E., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Integrating alternative conceptions of psychopathic personality: A latent variable model of triarchic psychopathy constructs. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31, 110-132. PDF

Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Arsal, G. (2014). Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychological Assessment, 26, 350-362. PDF

Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., Sourander, A., Sillanmäki, L., Aggen, S. H., Elonheimo, H., Parkkola, K., & Kendler, K. S. (2014). Distinct variants of extreme psychopathic individuals in society at large: Evidence from a population-based sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5, 154-163. PDF

Ellis, J. D., Schroder, H. S., Moser, J. S., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Emotional reactivity and regulation in individuals with psychopathic traits: Evidence for a disconnect between neurophysiology and self-report. Psychophysiology, 54, 1574-1585. PDF

Kyranides, M. N., Fanti, K., Sikki, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). Triarchic dimensions of psychopathy in young adulthood: Associations with clinical and physiological measures after accounting for adolescent psychopathic traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8, 140-149. PDF

Hall, J. R., Drislane, L. E., Murano, M., Patrick, C. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. (2014). Development and validation of Triarchic construct scales from the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment<u>, <u>26, 447-461. PDF

Latzman, R. D., Palumbo, I. M., Sauvigné, K. C., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (in press). Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology: A triarchic model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders.

Monteiro, R. P., Gouveia, R. S. V., Patrick, C. J., Carvalho, H. D., Medeiros, E. D., Pimentel, C. E., & Gouveia, V. V. (2015). Adaptation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure and its associations with the Five Factor Model of Personality. Revista Psico, 37, 470-480. PDF

Sellbom, M., Drislane, L. E., Johnson, A. K., Goodwin, B. E., Philips, T. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2016). Development and validation of MMPI-2-RF scales for indexing triarchic psychopathy constructs. Assessment, 23, 527-543. PDF

Somma, A., Borroni, S., Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Fossati, A. (in press). Modeling the structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Conceptual, empirical, and analytic considerations. Journal of Personality Disorders.

Patrick, C. J., Venables, N. C., & Drislane, L. E. (2013). The role of fearless dominance in differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4, 80-82. PDF

Venables, N. C., Sellbom, M., Sourander, A., Kendler, K. S., Joiner, T. E., Drislane, L. E., Sillanmäki , L., Elonhieimo, H., Parkkola, K., Multimäki, P., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Separate and interactive contributions of weak inhibitory control and threat sensitivity to prediction of suicide risk. Psychiatry Research, 226, 461-466. PDF

Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Sleep, C. E., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J., Gartland, D. M., & Stafford, K. P. (2016). Examining the DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 229-239. PDF

Other Publications

Almeida, P. R., Seixas, M. J., Ferreira-Santos, F., Vieira, J. B., Paiva, T. O., Moreira, P. S., & Costa, P.(2015). Empathetic, moral and antisocial outcomes associated with distinct components of psychopathy in healthy individuals: a Triarchic model approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 205-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.012

Anderson, J., Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., Salekin, R. T., & Krueger, R. F. (2014). Examining the associations between DSM-5 Section III antisocial personality disorder traits and psychopathy in community and university samples. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 675-697.

Burt, A. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). A Further Evaluation of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in College Students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 172-182.

Burley DT, Gray NS, Snowden RJ (2017) As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLOS ONE 12(1): e0167436. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167436

Christian, E., Sellbom, M., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2017). Clarifying the associations between individual differences in general attachment styles and psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(4), 329-339.

Cornet, L. J., Laan, P. H., Nijman, H. L., Tollenaar, N., & Kogel, C. H. (2015). Neurobiological Factors as Predictors of Prisoners’ Response to a Cognitive Skills Training. Journal of Criminal Justice,43(2), 122-132. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.02.003

Craig, R. L., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. S. (2013). Recalled parental bonding, current attachment, and the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 345-350. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.012

Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2014). Psychopathy, DSM-5, and a Caution. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(4), 335-347.

Crego, C. and Widiger, T. A. (2015), Psychopathy and the DSM. J Pers, 83: 665-677. doi:10.1111/jopy.12115

Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2016). Cleckley’s psychopaths: Revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(1), 75-87. doi:10.1037/abn0000130

Christian, E., & Sellbom, M. (2015). Development and Validation of an Expanded Version of the Three-Factor Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,98(2), 155-168. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1068176

Dongen, J. D., Drislane, L. E., Nijman, H., Soe-Agnie, S. E., & Marle, H. J. (2016). Further Evidence for Reliability and Validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in a Forensic Sample and a Community Sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,39(1), 58-66. doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9567-5

Donnellan, M. B., & Burt, S. A. (2015). A Further Evaluation of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in College Students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,38(2), 172-182. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9512-z

Douglas, K. S., Gatner, D. T., & Hart, S. D. (2016). Examining the Incremental and Interactive Effects of Boldness with Meanness and Disinhibition within the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 259-268.

Durand, G., Plata, E. M., & Arbone, I. (2017). Negative attitudes towards psychopaths: The role of one's own psychopathic traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 10972-76. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.047

Eisenbarth, H., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Yarkoni, T. (2015). Using a genetic algorithm to abbreviate the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised (PPI-R). Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 194-202. doi:10.1037/pas0000032

Esteller, À., Poy, R., & Moltó, J. (2016). Deficient aversive-potentiated startle and the triarchic model of psychopathy: The role of boldness. Biological Psychology, 117, 131-140. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.012

Evans, L., & Tully, R. J. (2016). The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM): Alternative to the PCL-R? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27, 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.03.004

Fanti, K. A., Kyranides, M. N., Drislane, L. E., Colins, O. F., & Andershed, H. (2015). Validation of the Greek Cypriot Translation of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 146-154. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1077452

Fowles, D. C., & Dindo, L. (2009). Temperament and psychopathy: A dual-pathway model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 179-183.

Galang, A. J., Castelo, V. L., Santos, L. C., Perlas, C. M., & Angeles, M. A. (2016). Investigating the prosocial psychopath model of the creative personality: Evidence from traits and psychophysiology. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.081

Gatner, D. T., Douglas, K. S., & Hart, S. D. (2016). Examining the incremental and interactive effects of boldness with meanness and disinhibition within the Triarchic model of psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 259-268.

Gray, N. S., Johnston, S. J., O’Farrell, K. R., Snowden, R. J., & Weidacker, K. (2017). Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of the Triarchic model of psychopathy to different forms of impulsivity in offenders and community participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 134-139.

Kelley, S. E., Edens, J. F., Donnellan, M. B., Mowle, E. N., & Sörman, K. (2017). Self- and informant perceptions of psychopathic traits in relation to the triarchic model. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/jopy.12354

Kelley, S. E., van Dongen, J. D. M., Donnellan, M. B., Edens, J. F., Eisenbarth, H., Fossati, A., Howner, K., Somma, A., & Sörman, K. (2017, June 19). Examination of the Triarchic Assessment Procedure for Inconsistent Responding in Six Non-English Language Samples. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication.

Kjærgaard, A., Leon, G. R., Venables, N. C., & Fink, B. A. (2013). Personality, personal values and growth in military special unit patrol teams operating in a polar environment. Military Psychology,25(1), 13-22. doi:10.1037/h0094753

Kjærgaard, A., Leon, G.R., Venables, N.C. (2014, May 26) The “Right Stuff” for a Solo Sailboat Circumnavigation of the Globe. Sage Journals 47(10), 1147-1171.

Lamkin, J., Lynam, D. R., Maples-Keller, J. L., & Miller, J. D. (2016). Viewing the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy through General Personality and Expert-Based Lenses. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 247-258.

Maes, J. H., Woyke, I. C., & Brazil, I. A. (2018). Psychopathy-related traits and decision-making under risk and ambiguity: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 122190-194. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.017

Marcus, D. K., Fulton, J. J., & Edens, J. F. (2012). The two-factor model of psychopathic personality: Evidence from the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 140 –154. doi:10.1037/a0025282

Marcus, D. K., Church, A. S., O’Connell, D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2016). Identifying Careless Responding With the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised Validity Scales. Assessment,25(1), 31-39. doi:10.1177/1073191116641507

Marion, B. E., Sellbom, M., Salekin, R. T., Toomey, J. A., Kucharski, L. T., & Duncan, S. (2013). An examination of the association between psychopathy and dissimulation using the MMPI-2-RF validity scales. Law and Human Behavior, 37(4), 219-230. doi:10.1037/lhb0000008

Mowle, E. N., Kelley, S. E., Edens, J. F., Donnellan, M. B., Smith, S. T., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2017). Development of an Inconsistent Responding Scale for the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Psychological Assessment,29(8), 990-1000. doi:10.1037/pas0000395

Niesten, I.J.M., Nentjes, L., Merckelbach, H., Bernstein, D.P. (2015) Antisocial features and “faking bad”: A critical note. International journal of Law and Psychiatry 41, 34-42

Pasion, R., Cruz, A. R., & Barbosa, F. (2016). Dissociation of boldness and disinhibition psychopathic traits in ERN modulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 6-10. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.017

Pilch, I., & Górnik-Durose, M. E. (2016). Do we need “dark” traits to explain materialism? The incremental validity of the Dark Triad over the HEXACO domains in predicting materialistic orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 102-106. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.047

Poy, R., Segarra, P., Esteller, À., López, R., & Moltó, J. (2014). FFM description of the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in men and women. Psychological Assessment, 26, 69-76. doi:10.1037/a0034642

Rogers, J., Viding, E., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013). Instrumental and disinhibited financial risk taking: Personality and behavioural correlates. Personality and Individual Differences,55(6), 645-649. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.011

Salim, M. A., Veen, F. M., Dongen, J. D., & Franken, I. H. (2015). Brain activity elicited by reward and reward omission in individuals with psychopathic traits: An ERP study. Biological Psychology,110, 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.001

Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., & Drislane, L. E. (2014). Elucidating the Construct Validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory Triarchic Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment,97(4), 374-381. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.962654

Sellbom, M., & Phillips, T. R. (2013). An examination of the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 208–214.

Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Han, J. (2016). Evaluating the Construct Validity of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in China. Assessment,24(8), 1008-1023. doi:10.1177/1073191116637421 Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Han, J. (2016). Development and Validation of the Chinese Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Journal of Personality Disorders,30(4), 436-450. doi:10.1521/pedi.2016.30.4.436

Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Xu, J. (2017). Psychometric Properties of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: An Item Response Theory Approach. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Advance online publication.

Sica, C., Drislane, L., Caudek, C., Angrilli, A., Bottesi, G., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2015). A test of the construct validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in an Italian community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 163-168. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.015

Snowden, R.J., Smith, C., Gray, N.S.(2017) Risk taking and the triarchic model of psychopathy. Journal of Clinical and experimental Neuropsychology,39(10), 988-1001

Somma, A., Borroni, S., Drislane, L. E., & Fossati, A. (2016). Assessing the Triarchic model of psychopathy in adolescence: Reliability and validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) in three samples of Italian community-dwelling adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), e36-e48.

Stanley, J. H., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2013). Elaborating of the construct validity of the Triarchic psychopathy measure in a criminal offender sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 343–350.

Vieira J. B. et al. (2014). Distinct neural activation patterns underlie economic decisions in high and low psychopathy scorers. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1099-1107.

Vieira, J. B., Ferreira-Santos, F., Almeida, P. R., Barbosa, F., Marques-Teixeira, J., & Marsh, A. A. (2015). Psychopathic traits are associated with cortical and subcortical volume alterations in healthy individuals. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(12), 1693-1704. doi:10.1093/scan/nsv062

Wall, T., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2015). Boldness explains a key difference between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 22, 94-105.

Watts, A. L., Bowes, S. M., Latzman, R. D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017). Psychopathic traits predict harsh attitudes toward rape victims among undergraduates. Personality and Individual Differences,106, 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.022

Weidacker, K., O'Farrell, K. R., Gray, N. S., Johnston, S. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2017). Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of the Triarchic model of psychopathy to different forms of impulsivity in offenders and community participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 134.

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Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. (2015). Clarifying the heterogeneity in psychopathic samples: Towards a new continuum of primary and secondary psychopathy. Aggression and Violent Behavior,24, 9-41. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.001